Index

Table of Contents
1 Introduction Charlie Gere Gere, Charlie 1

2 Creative Cybernetics: The Emergence of an Art Based on Interaction, Process, and System Roy Ascott Ascott, Roy 9

3 Transmitting Art Triggers: The Early Interactive Work of Stephen Willats Adrian Glew Glew, Adrian 19

4 Interactive Architecture John Hamilton Frazer Frazer, John Hamilton 37

5 "Aesthetically Potent Environments," or How Gordon Pask Detourned Instrumental Cybernetics Maria Fernandez Fernandez, Maria 53

6 In the Beginning Jasia Reichardt Reichardt, Jasia 71

7 Cybernetic Serendipity Revisited Brent MacGregor MacGregor, Brent 83

8 The Technologies of Edward Ihnatowicz Aleksandar Zivanovic Zivanovic, Aleksandar 95

9 Forty Is a Dangerous Age: A Memoir of Edward Ihnatowicz Richard Ihnatowicz Ihnatowicz, Richard 111

10 From System to Software: Computer Programming and the Death of Constructivist Art Richard Wright Wright, Richard 119

11 Reconfiguring Harold Cohen Cohen, Harold 141

12 Reconstruction Tony Longson Longson, Tony 151

13 Technological Kindergarten: Gustav Metzger and Early Computer Art Simon Ford Ford, Simon 163

14 Patterns in Context Alan Sutcliffe Sutcliffe, Alan 175

15 Bridging Computing in the Arts and Software Development George Mallen Mallen, George 191

16 Two Cultures: Computer Art and the Science Museum Doron D. Swade Swade, Doron D. 203

17 Never the Same Again Malcolm Le Grice Le Grice, Malcolm 219

18 Which Art in Heaven Stan Hayward Hayward, Stan 229

19 The Routes toward British Computer Arts: The Role of Cultural Institutions in the Pioneering Period Catherine Mason Mason, Catherine 245

20 From Machine to Metaphor: Artists and Computers at ChelseaSchool of Art 1960-1980 Stephen Bury Bury, Stephen 265

21 From Systems Art to Artificial Life: Early Generative Art at the Slade School of Fine Art Paul Brown Brown, Paul 275

22 Connections: A Personal History of Computer Art Making from 1971 to 1981 Stephen A. R. Scrivener Scrivener, Stephen A. R. 291

23 My First Brush with Computer Graphics Stephen Bell Bell, Stephen 307

24 Conceptual Art, Language, Diagrams, and Indexes Graham Howard Howard, Graham 323

25 Constructive Computation Ernest Edmonds Edmonds, Ernest 345

26 PICASO at Middlesex Polytechnic John Vince Vince, John 361

27 From 0 to 1: Art Made between the Times of Having and Not Having a Computer Brian Reffin Smith Smith, Brian Reffin 377

28 The Aftermath of Early Computer Art: A Painter's Odyssey Jeremy Gardiner Gardiner, Jeremy 389

29 The Ironic Heirs to Serendipity: British New Media Art, 1980s to Now Beryl Graham Graham, Beryl 401

List of Contributors and Editors 421

Index 431