Index

Contents

Abstract (EN) 2
Abstract (DK) 4 

Acknowledgements 6

Introduction 10
Background 11 
Research Question 14 
Methodology 16 
Thesis Overview 22 
The image is a machine. 26

1. Machine Learning in Image Production 28
1.1 Machine Learning 28
1.2 Neural Networks 31
1.3 Adversarial Approaches 36 
1.4 Generative Adversarial Networks 39
1.5 Artbreeder Experiment 44

2. Algorithmic Image Processes 48
2.1 Algorithmic Procedures 48 
2.2 image machine / machine image 60 
2.3 Softimage 65

3. Viewing Machines 74
3.1 Machine Mythology 74 
3.2 Nonhuman Photography 82 
3.3 Adversarial Approaches in Art 88 
3.4 Identifying Abstract Art 92

4. Images, Machines and the Limits of Perception 96
4.1 Operative Image 96 4.2 Umwelt 101

5. Data and Representation 113
5.1 Deconstructing Representation 113 
5.2 The Illusive Quality of Images 117 
5.3 Speculative Images 127

Conclusion 134
Continuation of Research 146

References 148
Artworks and Practical Examples Cited 155 
Figures 162 
Abbreviations 166

Appendix 167
Coursework 168 
Dissemination of Research 169 
Publications 173