Index

Contents

Preface and Acknowledgements	vi

Introduction: Four Phases of Digital Activism and Cyberconflict	1

1   Origins and Rise of Digital Activism (1994-2007)	5
1.1 First phase (1994-2001): the origins of digital activism	5
1.2 Second phase (2001-2007): the rise of digital activism	15

2   The Third Phase (2007-2010): Spread of Digital Activism	25
2.1 Russia-related ethnonational digital activism
    and cyberconflicts	25

2.2 China-related cyberconflicts, dissidents, and nationalist 
    hackers	41

3   The Fourth Phase (2010-2014): Digital Activism
    Invades Mainstream Politics	66
3.1 WikiLeaks: ideological and organizational tensions	66
3.2 WikiLeaks: impact on communication and
    International Relations scholarship	72
3.3 The 'Arab Spring' uprisings	90
3.4 The Snowden affair	106

4   The Future of Digital Activism and Its Study	121
4.1 Definition of digital activism and cyberconflict
    as an area of study	121
4.2 The agency problematique	123
4.3 The structure problematique	126
4.4 The affect problematique	128

Bibliography	142

Index     167