Index

PREFACE EDWARD A. 
SHANKEN page 10 

SURVEY EDWARD A. 
SHANKENpage12 

WORKS page 54 

MOTION, DURATION, ILLUMINATION 
page 55 

László MOHOLY-NAGYLight-Space Modulator, 1923–30 page 55 
Naum GABO Kinetic Construction (Standing Wave), 1919–20 page 56 
Thomas WILFRED Opus 161, 1965–6 page 57 
Lucio FONTANA Ninth Triennial of Milan Grand Staircase, 1951 page 58 
Gyorgy KEPES Light Mural for KLM, 1959 page 58 
Gyula KOSICE Estructura Lumínica Madí ‘F’,1946 page 59 
Abraham PALATNIK Cinechromatic, 1951 page 60 
Frank MALINA Point Counter Point, 1956 page 60 
Otto PIENE Light Ballet, 1959–60 page 61 
Nicolas SCHÖFFERCYSP I, 1956 page 62 
TAKISSignal Lumineux,1958 page 63 
Dan FLAVIN Greens Crossing Greens: to Piet Mondian Who Lacked Green, 1966 page 64 
James TURRELL Catso, Red, 1967, 1994 page 65 
Mario MERZ Igloo di Giap (Se il nemico si concentra perde terreno se si disperde perde forza)[‘Giap’s Igloo (If the 
enemy concentrates, he loses ground, if he scatters, he loses force)’], 1968 page 65 
Jean DUPUY Heart Beats Dust, 1968 page 66 
James SEAWRIGHT Electronic Peristyle, 1968 page 66 
Vladimir BONACICG.F.E., 1969–71 page 67 
Rockne KREBSDay Passage, 1970 page 68 
Alejandroand Moira SIÑASpinning Shaft, 1978 page 69 
Mary LUCIERDawn Burn, 1973 page 70 
Gary HILLSoundings, 1979 page 70 
Shawn BRIXEYand Laura KNOTTPhoton Voice, 1986 page 71 
Nam June PAIK Video Flag Y, 1985 page 71 
Tatsuo MIYAJIMA Clock for 300 Thousand Years, 1987 page 72 
Paul DEMARINIS Edison Effect, 1989 page 73 
Jenny HOLZER Untitled (selections from Truisms, Inflammatory Essays, The Living Series, The Survival Series, Under a 
Rock, Laments and Child Text), 1989 page 73 
Rebecca HORN Concert for Anarchy,1990 page 74 
Rafael LOZANO-HEMMER Vectorial Elevation – Relational Architecture 4, 1999–2004 page 75 
Pierre HUYGHEL’Expedition Scintillante,Act II: Untitled (light show), 2002 page 76 
Tavares STRACHAN The Distance Between What We Have and What We Want, 2005–6 page 76 
Olafur ELIASSON The Weather Project, 2003–4 page 77 

CODED FORM AND ELECTRONIC 
PRODUCTION page 78 

Ben LAPOSKY Oscillation #4, 1956 page 79 
Charles CSURI and James SCHAFFER Hummingbird, 1967 page 80 
James WHITNEY Yantra, 1950–7 page 80 
Frieder NAKE13/9/65 Nr. 5, ‘Distribution of elementary signs’, 1965 page 80 
Kenneth KNOWLTON and Leon HARMONStudies in Perception 1, 1966 page 81 
Stan VANDERBEEK and Kenneth KNOWLTON Poem Field No. 2: Life LIke, 1967 page 82 
Jud YALKUT and Nam June PAIK Beatles Electroniques, 1966–9 page 83 
Bruno MUNARI Xerografie Originali,1965 page 83 
SKB ‘PROMETEI’(V.BUKATIN,B. GALEYEV,R. SAYFULLINElectronic Painter, 1975–80 page 84 
Ralph HOCKING Complex Wave Forms, 1977 page 84 
STEINAand Woody VASULKANoisefields, 1974 page 85 
Lillian SCHWARTZ with Kenneth KNOWLTON Pixillation, 1970 page 86 
Sonia Landy SHERIDAN Drawing in Time, 1982 page 86 
Nancy BURSON First and Second Beauty Composites. 1982 page 87
Yoichiro KAWAGUCHI Ocean. 1986 page 88
Rebecca ALLEN Musique Non Stop. 1986 page 89
Edmond COUCHOT with Michel BRET and Hélène TRAMUS. I Sow to the Four Winds. 1990 page 90
Douglas GORDON 24-Hour Psycho. 1993 page 91
Mariko MORI Nirvana. 1996-7 page 92
Michael REES Putto 2x2x4. 1998 page 93
Ryoji IKEDA datamatics. 2006 page 93
Adrian WARD Autoshop. 1999 page 94
Robert LAZZARINI payphone. 2002 page 95

CHARGED ENVIRONMENTS page 96 

LE CORBUSIER, Iannis XENAKIS,Edgard VARÈSE Philips Pavilion, 1958 page 97 
Carolee SCHNEEMANN  with E.A.T.Snows, 1967 page 98 
John CAGE Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951), 1951 page 99 
PULSA Boston Public Gardens Demonstration, 1968 page 100 
Frank GILLETTE and Ira SCHNEIDER Wipe Cycle, 1968 page 100 
Robert RAUSCHENBERG with Billy KLÜVER Soundings, 1968 page 100 
Wolf VOSTELL and Peter SAAGE Electronic Dé-Coll/age Happening Room (Homage à Dürer), 1968 page 101 
Ted VICTORIA Solar Audio Window Transmission, 1969–70 page 102 
Wen-Ying TS AIwith Frank T. TURNER Cybernetic Sculpture, 1968 page 103 
Les LEVINE Contact: A Cybernetic Sculpture, 1969 page 103 
Peter CAMPUS Interface, 1972 page 104 
Bruce NAUMAN Live-Taped Video Corridor, 1970 page 105 
Peter WEIBEL Beobachtung der Beobachtung: Unbestimmtheit 
(‘Observation of the Observation: Uncertainty’), 1973 page 106 
Dan GRAHAM Present Continuous Past(s), 1974  page 106 
Bill VIOLA He Weeps for You, 1976 page 107 
DILLER + SCOFIDIO Master/Slave and Mural, 1997–2003 page 108 
MIT MEDIA LAB and ARCHITECTURE MACHINE GROUP (Andrew LIPPMAN 
with Michael NAIMARK and Scott FISHERet al.) Aspen Movie Map, 1978 page 109 
Piotr KOWALSKI Field of Interaction, 1983 page 109 
ARTERIAL GROUP with Barry SCHWARTZ and Bastiaan MARIS Elektrosonic Interference, 2001 page 109 
STUDIO AZZURRO and Giorgio Barberio CORSETTILa Camera Astratta(‘The Abstract Room’), 1987 page 110 
GRANULAR SYNTHESIS Modell 5, 1994–6 page 111 
Peter D’AGOSTINO TransmissionS: In the WELL, 1985–90 page 111 
Catherine RICHARDS Curiosity Cabinet for the End of the Millennium, 1995 page 112 
Graham HARWOOD (MONGREL) Rehearsal of Memory, 1995 page 113 
Joyce HINTERDING Aeriology, 1995 page 113 
Toshio IWAI Piano as an Image Media, 1995 page 113 
Bill SEAMAN Passage Sets: One Pulls Pivots at the Tip of the Tongue, 1994–95 page 113 
Keith PIPER Relocating the Remains, 1997 page 114 
Nell TENHAAF UCBM (you could be me), 1999 page 114 
CHAOS COMPUTER CLUB Blinkenlights, 2001–02 page 114 
Susan HILLER Witness, 2000 page 115 
Ben RUBINa nd Mark HANSENListening Post, 1999–2003 page 116 
SPONGE and FoAM–Maja KUZMANOVIC and Nik GAFFNEY( Sponge), Chris 
SALTER, Sha Xin WEI,Laura FARABOUGH (FoAM) TGarden, 2001 page 116 
Tony OURSLER The Influence Machine, 2000 page 117 
Christian MARCLAY Video Quartet, 2002 page 118–19 
Golan LEVIN with Scott GIBBONS and Gregory SHAKAR Dialtones (A Telesymphony) 2001 page 118 
George LEGRADY Making the Invisible Visible, 2004 page 119 

NETWORKS, SURVEILLANCE, 
CULTURE JAMMING page 120 

Marta MINUJIN Circuit Super Heterodyne, 1967 page 120 
Hans HAACKE News, 1969 page 121 
Douglas DAVIS Electronic Hokkadim, 1971  page 122 
Franklin Street Arts Center, Center for New Art Activities, Art-Com/La Mamelle (Liza BEAR ,Keith SONNIER, 
Willoughby SHARP, Duff SCHWENIGER,Sharon GRACE,Carl LOEFFLERin collaboration with NASA and the Public 
Interest Satellite Association (PISA)Send/Receive Satellite Network, 1977 page 123 
Robert ADRIAN The World in 24 Hours/Die Welt in 24 Stunden,1982 page 124 
Mario RAMIRO with Jose W.GARCIA Clones: A Simultaneous Radio, Television and Videotex Network, 1983 page 125 
Roy ASCOTT, La Plissure du Texte,1983 page 125 
Steve MANN WearComp, 1970s-present page 126 
Norman WHITE and Doug BACK Telephonic Arm Wrestling, 1986 page 126 
Julia SCHER Security by Julia, 1989–90 page 127 
Paul SERMON Telematic Dreaming, 1992 page 128 
VAN GOGH TV/PONTON EUROPEAN MEDIA ARTS LAB Piazza Virtuale (‘Virtual Square’), 1993 page 129 
Antonio MUNTADAS The File Room 1994 page 129 
Jane PROPHET (with Gordon SELLEY) TechnoSphere, 1995 page 130 
I/O/D( Matthew FULLER, Simon POPE,Colin GREEN) I/O/D 4: The Web Stalker, 1997 pages 131 
NECRO ENEMA AMALGAMATED (Eric SWENSON and Keith SEWARD) BLAM! 1993 page 132 
Heath BUNTING Own, Be Owned, or Remain Invisible, 1998 page 132 
®TMARKand THE YES MENGATT.org and WTO imposter performances, 1999–2002 page 133 
Johannes GEES and CALC(Tomi SCHEIDERBAUER,Teresa ALONSO,Luks BRUNNER,Malex SPIEGEL,Roger 
LUECHINGER) Communimage, 1999 page 134 
Talan MEMMOTT Lexia to Perplexia, 2000 page 135 
Paul MILLER( a.k.a. DJ Spooky that Subliminal Kid) Errata Erratum, 2002 page 135 
Randall PACKERUS Department of Art & Technology, 2001–present page 136 
BLAST THEORY Uncle Roy All Around You, 2003 page 137 
Andy DECK Glyphiti, 2001 page 138 
Mark NAPIER Potatoland, net.flag, 1998, 2002 page 138 
Esther POLA Kand Ieva AUZINA with Marcus THEMILK, 2004 page 139 
Jonathan HARRIS and Sep KAMVAR I Want You To Want Me, 2008 page 139 

BODIES, SURROGATES, EMERGENT
SYSTEMS page 140 

Atsuko TANAKA Electric Dress, 1956 page 140 
Edward IHNATOWICZ The Senster, 1969–71 page 141 
Mark BOYLE and Joan HILLS Son et Lumière for Bodily Fluids and Functions, 1966 page 142 
Thomas SHANNON Squat, 1968 page 142 
Dennis OPPENHEIM Stomach X-Ray, 1970 page 143 
Lynn HERSHMAN LEESON CybeRoberta, 1970-98 page 144 
Harold COHENAARON, 1979 page 144 
Chris BURDEN Doorway to Heaven, 1973 page 145 
David ROKEBY Very Nervous System, 1986–2000 page 146 
Laurie ANDERSON Mister Heartbreak, 1984 page 147 
Alan RATH Voyeur, 1986 page 147 
BARBIE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION Mattel Teen Talk Barbie, Talking Duke G.I.Joe dolls, 1989 page 148 
Simon PENNY Petit Mal, 1989–93, first exhibited 1995 page 148 
DUMB TYPE (Tieji FURUHASHI,Toru KOYAMADA,Yukihiro HOZUMI,Shiro TAKATANI,Takayuki FUJIMOTOand 
Hiromasa TOMARI-B) ph, 1990–3 page 149 
Karl SIMS Genetic Images, 1993 page 150 
Michael Joaquin GREY with Randolph HUFF Gametes, 1990 page 151 
Chico MACMURTRIE and Rick W. SAYRE Tumbling Man, 1991 page 151 
Bill VORN,L.P. DEMERS, with Andrew GALBREATH, Kevin HUTCHINGS,Alex SOLOMON and Form Dynamics, and 
Alain MARTELE space Vectoriel, 1993 page 152 
Christa SOMMERER and Laurent MIGNONNEAU A-Volve, 1994–5 page 152 
Marcel.lí ANTÚNEZ ROCA Epizoo, 1994 page 153 
STELARC Ping Body, 1994 page 154 
Jim CAMPBELLI Have Never Read the Bible, 1995 page 155 
Catherine IKAM and Louis FLÉRI Le Messager/Alex (The Messenger/Alex), 1995–6 page 155 
Victoria VESNA, Rob NIDEFFER, Nathanial FREITAS Bodies© INCorporated 1996–9 page 156 
Nancy PATERSON Stock Market Skirt 1998 page 156 
Seiko MIKAMI World, Membrane and the Dismembered Body, 1997 page 157 
Eduardo KAC Genesis, 1999 page 158 
INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED AUTONOMY  Pamphleteer, 2000 page 158 
Mark PAULINE and SURVIVAL RESEARCH LABS Increasing the Latent Period in a System of Remote Destructibility, 
1997 page 159 
OPENENDED GROUP (Paul KAISER,Shelley ESHKAR) and Bill T. JONES Ghost Catching 1999 page 159 
Joseph NECHVATA Lec-satyricOn, 2000 page 160 
Ken RINALDO Autopoiesis, 2000 page 160 
Tim HAWKINSON Emoter, 2000 page 161 
Chu-Yin CHEN Quorum Sensing 2002 page 162 
SYMBIOTICA RESEARCH GROUP,University of Western Australia (Guy BEN-ARY,Phil GAMBLEN, Dr. Stuart BUNT, Ian 
SWEETMAN, Oron CATTS), in collaboration with Steve M. POTTER, Tom DEMARSEand Alexander SHKOLNIK at the 
Laboratory for Neuro Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology MEART, 2004 page 163 
Natalie JEREMIJENKO Feral Robotic Dogs, 2002 page 163 
CRITICAL ARTENSEMBLE (plus Beatriz DACOSTA and Shyh-shiun SHYU)Free Range Grain, 2005 page 164 
Max DEAN with Rafaello D’ANDREA and Matt DONOVAN Robotic Chair, 2006 page 164 
Ken FEINGOLD The Animal, Vegetable, Mineralness of Everything, 2004 page 165 

SIMULATIONS AND SIMULACRA 
page 166 

Myron KRUEGER Video Place, 1974–5 page 166 
Michael NAIMARK Golden Gate Fly-Over, 1987 page 167 
Luc COURCHESNE Portrait no. 1 / Portrait One, 1990 page 168 
Marcos NOVAK Liquid Architectures, 1991 page 169 
Monika FLEISCHMANN Home of the Brain, 1992 page 169 
Ulrike GABRIEL Breath, 1992 page 170 
Brenda LAUREL and Rachel STRICKLAND Placeholder, 1993 page 171 
Miroslaw ROGALA with Ford OXAA Land Ludger HOVESTADT Lovers Leap, 1994 page 172 
Toni DOVE Archaeology of a Mother Tongue, 1993 page 173 
Masaki FUJIHATA Beyond Pages 1994 page 173 
Dan SANDIN, et al. The Oort Continuum, 1994-6 page 174 
Jill SCOTT Frontiers of Utopia, 1995 page 174 
Maurice BENAYOUN So. So. So., Somebody, Somewhere, Some Time, 2002 page 174 
Char DAVIES Osmose, 1995 page 175 
ART+COM The Invisible Shape of Things Past, 1997 page 176 
Jeffrey SHAW with Agnes HEGEDÜS, Bernd LINTERMANN, Lesley STUCKConFIGURING the CAVE, 2001 page 177 
Eva WOHLGEMUTH BodyScan (IN/OUT), 1997-2005 page 178 
Jordan CRANDALL Drive (Installation View from Graz, Track 6 + 5), 1998-2000 page 179 
Agnes HEGEDÜS Memory Theatre VR, 1997 page 179 
Alan DUNNIN Gand Paul WOODROW Einstein’s Brain: The Bodies: Mnemonic Body, 2000 page 180 
Mary FLANAGAN[domestic], 2003 page 181 

EXHIBITIONS, INSTITUTIONS, 
COMMUNITIES, COLLABORATIONS 
page 182 

Leonardo/ISAST page 183 
E.A.T’9 evenings: theatre & engineering’ page 184 
The Art and Technology Program (A&T) page 184 
WGBH, Fred Barzyk/New Television Workshop page 184 
‘Cybernetic Serendipity’ page 185 
‘Software’ page 185 
The Kitchen page 186 
Ars Electronica page 187 
The Daniel Langlois Foundation (DLF) page 187 
American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in collaboration with the National Aeronautic and Space Administration 
(NASA) The Search for Life: Are We Alone? 2002 page 187 
ZKM page 188 
rhizome page 188 
Intel Corporation page 188 
ISEA page 189 

DOCUMENTS page 190 
MOTION, DURATION, ILLUMINATION
page 193

Naum GABO and Anthon PEVSNER The Realistic Manifesto. 1920 page 193
Làszlò MOHOLY-NAGY The New Vision. c. 1928 page 1993
ASOCIATION ARTE CONCRETO-INVENCION Inventionist Manifesto. 1946 page 194
Lucio FONTANA The White Manifesto. 1946 page 194
Gyula KOSICE Madì Manifest. 1946 page 195
Dick HIGGINS Intermedia. 1965 page 196
Otto PIENE Light Ballet. 1965 page 197
Name June PAIK Cybernetic Art. 1966 page 198
Roy Ascott Behaviourables and Futuribles. 1967 page 198
Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel (GRAV) GRAV Manifesto. 1967 page 199
Erkki HUHTAMO Resurrecting the Technological Past. An Introduction to the Archeology of Media Art. 1995 page 199
Jurgen CLAUS Stan VanDerBeek: An Early Space Art Pioneer. 2003 page 201

CODED FORM AND ELECTRONIC
PRODUCTION page 202

Kenneth KNOWLTON Computer-animated movies. 1968 page 202
Robert MALLARY Computer Sculpture. Six Levels of Cybernetics. 1969 page 203
Herbert C. FRANKE Theoretical Foundations of Computer Art. 1971 page 203
Marilyn McCRAY Introduction to 'Electroworks'. 1979
Sonia Landy SHERIDAN Generative Systems Versus Copy Art. A Clarification of Terms and Ideas. 1963 page 208
Jud YALKUT The Alternative Video Generation. 1984 page 209
Geoffrey BATCHEN Phantasm - Digital Imaging and The Death of Photography. 1994 page 209
Michael REES Rapid Prototyping and Art. 1998 page 211

CHARGED ENVIRONMENTS page 213

Lucio FONTANA TV Manifesto. 1952 page 213
Nam June PAIK Afterlude to the Exposition of Experimental Television. 1964 page 213
John CAGE A Year From Monday. 1966 page 215
Jud YALCUT Parts I and II of an interview with Frank Gillette and Ira Schneider. 1969 page 215
Nicholas NEGROPONTE The Architecture Machine. 1970 page 217
Gene YOUNGBLOOD Expanded Cinema. 1970 page 218
Bill VIOLA Will There Be Condominiums in Data Space?. 1982 page 219
Lynn HERSHMAN LEESON The Fantasy Beyond Control. 1990 page 220
Marcos NOVAK Liquid Architectures in Cyberspace. 1991 page 221
NECRO ENEMA AMALGAMATED Agenda, 1993 page 221 
David ROKEBY Transforming Mirrors: Subjectivity and Control in Interactive Media, 1995 page 223
Lev MANOVICH On Totalitarian Interactivity, 1996 page 223
Peter WEIBEL The World as Interface – Toward the Construction of Context-Controlled Event-Worlds, 1996 page 224

NETWORKS, SURVEILLANCE, 
CULTURE JAMMING page 228

Bertolt BRECHT The Radio as an Apparatus of Communication, 1932 page 228
Willoughby SHARP Worldpool: A Call for Global Community Communications, 1978 page 229 
Peter D’AGOSTINO Proposal for QUBE, 1980 page 230 
Roy ASCOTT Art and Telematics: Towards a Network Consciousness, 1984 page 231
Nam June PAIK Art and Satellite, 1984 page 233
Eduardo KAC Telepresence Art, 1993 page 234 
Robert ADRIAN Art and Telecommunications 1979–1986: The Pioneer Years, 1995 page 239 
Rafael LOZANO-HEMMER Perverting Technological Correctness, 1996 page 240
Natalie BOOKCHIN, Alexei SHULGIN Introduction to net.art, 1994–99 page 240
Niranjan RAJAHNation, National Culture and Art in an Era of Globalization and Computer Mediated 
Communications, 2000 page 241 
Maria FERNANDEZ Is Cyberfeminism Colorblind?, 2002 page 242
Steve MANN The Post-Cyborg Path to Deconism, 2003 page 245

BODIES, SURROGATES, EMERGENT 
SYSTEMS page 247

Jack BURNHAM Robot and Cyborg Art, 1968 page 247
SURVIVAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES More Dead Animal Jokes: Interview with Mark Pauline, 1985 page 248
Michael Joaquin GREY Jelly Lovers, 1996 page 248
Jane PROPHET Artificial Life and Interactivity in the Online Project TechnoSphere,1996 page 249
Eduardo KAC and Marcel.lí ANTÚNEZ ROCA Robotic Art, 1997 page 249
Ken RINALDO Technology Recapitulates Phylogeny: Artificial Life Art, 1998 page 249
Keith PIPER Notes on The Mechanoid’s Bloodline: Looking at Robots, Androids, and Cyborgs, 2001 page 250 
STELARC selections from The Body is Obsolete page 251
SUBROSA Tactical Cyberfeminism: An Art and Technology of Social Relations, 2003 page 253
Christa SOMMERER and Laurent MIGNONNEAU Designing Interfaces for Interactive Artworks, 2000 page 254

SIMULATIONS AND SIMULACRA 
page 256

Antonin ARTAUD from The Alchemical Theater, 1938 page 256
Myron W.KRUEGER Responsive Environments, 1977 page 256
Brenda LAUREL The Six Elements and the Causal Relations Among Them, 1986 page 255 
N. Katherine HAYLES Embodied Virtuality: Or How to Put Bodies Back Into the Picture, 1996 page 261
Bill SEAMAN OULIPO | VS | Recombinant Poetics, 2001 page 263 
Jeffrey SHAW Movies after Film – The Digitally Expanded Cinema, 2002 page 263

EXHIBITIONS, INSTITUTIONS, 
COMMUNITIES, COLLABORATIONS 
page 266

Billy KLÜVER Theater and Engineering: An Experiment, 2. Notes by an engineer, 1967 page 266
Billy KLÜVER and Robert RAUSCHENBERG The purpose of Experiments in Art and Technology, 1967 page 267
Douglas DAVIS Art & Technology – Conversations. Gyorgy Kepes interviewed by Douglas Davis, 1968 page 268 
Jasia REICHARDT Cybernetic Serendipity,1968 page 268
Howard WISETV as Creative Medium, 1969 page 269
Jack BURNHAM Notes on art and information processing, 1970 page 269
Jane LIVINGSTON Thoughts on Art and Technology, 1971 page 271
Frank POPPER Introduction to ‘Electra: Electricity and electronics in the art of the XXth century’, 1983 page 271
Jean-François LYOTARD Les Immatériaux,1985 page 272 
Donna J. COX Using the Supercomputer to Visualize Highter Dimensions: An Artist’s Contribution to Scientific 
Visualization, 1988 page 274
LA POCHA NOSTRA (Guillermo GÓMEZ-PEÑA, Michéle CEBALLOS, Violeta LUNA,Guillermo GALINDO) The 14 
Activist Commandments for the New Milennium page 275
Victoria VESNA Toward a Third Culture: Being In Between, 2001 page 275 
Steve DIETZ Interfacing the Digital, 2003 page 275