Index
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements vi
Introduction: Four Phases of Digital Activism and Cyberconflict 1
1 Origins and Rise of Digital Activism (1994-2007) 5
1.1 First phase (1994-2001): the origins of digital activism 5
1.2 Second phase (2001-2007): the rise of digital activism 15
2 The Third Phase (2007-2010): Spread of Digital Activism 25
2.1 Russia-related ethnonational digital activism
and cyberconflicts 25
2.2 China-related cyberconflicts, dissidents, and nationalist
hackers 41
3 The Fourth Phase (2010-2014): Digital Activism
Invades Mainstream Politics 66
3.1 WikiLeaks: ideological and organizational tensions 66
3.2 WikiLeaks: impact on communication and
International Relations scholarship 72
3.3 The 'Arab Spring' uprisings 90
3.4 The Snowden affair 106
4 The Future of Digital Activism and Its Study 121
4.1 Definition of digital activism and cyberconflict
as an area of study 121
4.2 The agency problematique 123
4.3 The structure problematique 126
4.4 The affect problematique 128
Bibliography 142
Index 167